$$m^2=\frac{(ab+cd)(ac+bd)}{ad+bc}\tag{1}$$
$$n^2=\frac{(ac+bd)(ad+bc)}{ab+cd}\tag{2}.$$
Now, by the Law of Cosines,
$$n^2=b^2+d^2-2bd\cos{\frac{\alpha}{2}}\tag{4}$$
$$m^2=c^2+d^2-2cd\cos{\frac{\alpha}{2}}\tag{5}$$
Dividing $(4)$ by $(5)$ and substituting $\frac{n^2}{m^2}$ by $\frac{b^2}{c^2}$ we have
$$\frac{b^2}{c^2}=\frac{b^2+d^2-2bd\cos{\frac{\alpha}{2}}}{c^2+d^2-2cd\cos{\frac{\alpha}{2}}}$$
From which we get
$$d^2(b^2-c^2)=2bcd\cos{\frac{\alpha}{2}}(b-c)$$
Isolating $d$, factoring and simplifying we obtain $(2)$.
$\square$
Another proof of Lemma 1 can be found here.
Lemma 2. Let $\triangle{ABC}$ be a triangle and let $a$, $b$ and $c$ be the lengths of sides $BC$, $AC$ and $BC$, respectively. Then the following identity holds
$$2\cos{\frac{\alpha}{2}}=\sqrt{\frac{(b+c)^2-a^2}{bc}}\tag{6}$$
A proof of Lemma 2 can be found here.
$\square$
Main proof
Combining $(2)$ and $(6)$ we obtain
$$d=\frac{bc}{(b+c)}\cdot{\sqrt{\frac{(b+c)^2-a^2}{bc}}}$$
Raising both sides to the power of 2 we get $(1)$.
$\square$
Related material
If you are already familiar with Bretschneider's Formula, have you ever wonder how would it like if we interchange the cosine-part by a sine-part?
There are three different forms of expressing the Bretschneider's Formula in MathWorld. In this note we will give another one which is almost as simple as the original one.
Given a general convex quadrilateral with sides $a$, $b$, $c$ and $d$, its area is given by the formula
$$K=\sqrt{abcd\sin^2\left({\frac{\alpha+\gamma}{2}}\right)-s(s-c-d)(s-b-d)(s-b-c)}\tag{1},$$
where $s$ is the semiperimeter and $\alpha$ and $\gamma$ are opposite angles.
The proof is based on the following unexpected simplification lemma.
Lemma 1. Given a general quadrilateral with sides $a$, $b$, $c$ and $d$, then
$$(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)+s(s-c-d)(s-b-d)(s-b-c)=abcd,\tag{2}$$Now, consider the original Bretschneider's Formula,
$$K=\sqrt{(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)-abcd\cos^2\left(\frac{\alpha+\gamma}{2}\right)}.\tag{3}$$Consider a triangle $\triangle{ABC}$ and its Incenter, $I$. Denote $R$ and $r$ the circumradius and inradius, respectively. Also let $AI=k$; $BI=l$; $CI=m$. Then, the following identity holds
$$klm=4Rr^2$$
where $s$ is the semiperimeter and $\gamma$ denotes the angle $\angle{ACB}$. The proof for this formula can be found here.
Notice that $\cos{\frac{\gamma}{2}}=\frac{(s-c)}{m}$. Also, because of $(1)$ we have $\cos{\frac{\gamma}{2}}=\sqrt{\frac{s(s-a)}{ab}}$. Equating both expressions and solving for $m^2$,
$$m^2=\frac{ab(s-c)}{s}$$
Similarly you get $k^2=\frac{bc(s-a)}{s}$ and $l^2=\frac{ac(s-b)}{s}$. Hence,
$$(klm)^2=\frac{a^2b^2c^2(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}{s^3}=\frac{a^2b^2c^2s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}{s^4}$$